Cognitive Bias




Cognitive Bias

We are often presented with situations in life when we need to make a decision with imperfect information, and we unknowingly rely on prejudices or biases. 

Biases lead us to avoid information that may be unwelcome or uncomfortable, rather than investigating the information that could lead us to a more accurate outcome.

For example, we might:

  • Trust someone more if they’re an authority figure than if they’re not
  • Assume someone’s gender based on their profession
  • Make poor decisions based on the information that we’re given
The reasons for our poor decision-making can be a consequence of heuristics and biases.

Types of Cognitive Bias

  • Confirmation Bias.  Confirmation bias is the tendency to listen more often to information that confirms our existing beliefs. Through this bias, people tend to favor information that reinforces the things they already think or believe.
    For example, imagine that a person holds a belief that left-handed people are more creative than right-handed people
  • Only following people on social media who share your viewpoints.




  • Anchoring Bias.The anchoring effect is a cognitive bias that describes the common human tendency to rely too heavily on the first piece of information offered (the “anchor”) when making decisions.


  • Availability Heuristic- A heuristic is a mental shortcut that allows people to solve problems and make judgments quickly and efficiently. 

  • Bandwagon Effect. The bandwagon effect refers to the tendency people have to adopt a certain behavior, style, or attitude simply because everyone else is doing it. The more people that adopt a particular trend, the more likely it becomes that other people will also hop on the bandwagon. 


  • Choice-supportive Bias.


  • Fundamental. Attribution Error.- Tendency to overestimate the influence of dispositional factors when judging others.

  • Halo Effect. The halo effect is a type of cognitive bias in which our overall impression of a person influences how we feel and think about their character.
  • Example-just, because that real estate agent was nice, doesn’t mean it’s a good deal)
 


  • .

Lists and Types of Biases: The Codex


According to the Cognitive Bias Codex, there are an estimated 200 cognitive biases

created by John Manoogian III and Buster Benson, this codex is a useful tool for visually representing all of the known biases that exist to date.

The biases are arranged in a circle and can be divided into four quadrants. Each quadrant is dedicated to a specific group of cognitive biases:

  1. What should we remember?
    Biases that affect our memory for people, events, and information

  2. Too much information
    Biases that affect how we perceive certain events and people

  3. Not enough meaning
    Biases that we use when we have too little information and need to fill in the gaps

  4. Need to act fast
    Biases that affect how we make decisions.






Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Exploratory testing & SBTM

Image
 Exploratory Testing  Exploratory testing is also known as ad hoc testing and was known solely by this term until the early 1990s when a group now called the “Context-Driven School” started using the term exploratory.  Cem Kaner  was the person that coined the term Exploratory Testing in his book “Testing Computer Software” and described it as: “Simultaneous test design, test execution and learning with an emphasis on learning” According to the different site, I found different definitions for exploratory testing- In exploratory testing, testers do not work on the basis of previously created test cases. They check a system without a plan in mind in order to discover bugs that users may face when navigating a website or app without a specific aim or direction in mind. Exploratory testing” – as the name suggests, is simultaneous learning, test design, and test execution process. We can say that in this testing test planning, analysis, design, and test execution, a...
Read more

Accessibility testing tool - Bootcamp

Image
                                  Wave Accessibility tool WAVE is a web accessibility evaluation tool developed by WebAIM.org. It provides visual feedback about the accessibility of your web content by injecting icons and indicators into your page. No automated tool can tell you if your page is accessible, but WAVE facilitates human evaluation and educates about accessibility issues. All analysis is done entirely within the Chrome browser allowing secure valuation of intranet, local, password protected, and other sensitive web pages. To run a WAVE report, simply click on the WAVE icon to the right of your browser address bar, or select "WAVE this page" from the context menu. Steps to verify the accessibility of the website Step #1)  Click on URL: http://wave.webaim.org/ Step #2)  Enter the  Web page address  in the  text   box  and hit enter. Example. So enter the sit...
Read more

API Tresting - DAY 1

Image
  30days of API testing challenges -  Define what API testing is, share your definition on The Club API - stands for the application programming interface. They are basically a collection of functions and procedures, which allows us to communicate two applications or libraries.   What is API Testing? API TESTING  is a software testing type that validates Application Programming Interfaces (APIs). The purpose of API Testing is to check the functionality, reliability, performance, and security of the programming interfaces.  API -Let's explain each of these terms to better understand: - " Application ": An application is a service accessible by a human or computer program. Ex: Facebook is a social network application, Spotify is an audio streaming application, PlanningPME a planning application. - " Programming ": a program is a set of computer functions written by a developer who performs tasks in his place. Ex: If I want to transform postal addresses i...
Read more